Looking at Material Construction

Commercial Paper 

• Logs are cut and brought to a paper mills for processing.
• Logs are debarked and cleaned with water
• Logs are broken down into pulp.
• The pulp is added to water and natural glue called lignin.
• To create stronger papers (not newsprint and newspaper) the pulp goes through a process to remove lignin from the pulp.
• The pulp may be bleached for whiter paper.
• Machines will spray and dry the pulp paper mixture.
• Paper mixture will be run through heated rollers to expel extra water and press into paper.
• Chemicals may be applied to create desired textures or effects such as water resistance or extra strength.
• Paper is then cut into shapes and dimensions.

Glass 

• Created with Silica Sand, Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate).
• Materials are mixed together and placed into a tank and heated at 3000°F. This will take three days.
• A rake is used to mix materials together to avoid air pockets and spreads the mix out.
• The mix will become molten.
• Once molten, the glass mixture is heated for ten hours to release air bubbles and gases in the glass.
• Glass is rolled out onto molten tin. Tin is denser than glass and allows glass to be completely flat and remain on top (oil and water scenario).
• Tin machine changes temperature to help cool down glass so it's solidified at end.
• The glass is cooled down naturally on rollers stretching a quarter mile. The glass is very sturdy and difficult to break in this stage. Glass starts at around 1000°F in this stage.
• Glass is then cut.

Steel
• Dynamite is used to break up rock for iron ore.
• Iron ore is then separated from the rock using magnets.
• The ore is heated in a furnace with "coke". Coke is impurities in coal.
• Iron Ore and the coke flow down the furnace and are hit with hot air called wind. The wind is about 1600°F and moves about 110,000 cubic feet per minute.
• When the hot air ignites the "coke" which heats the furnace to around 4000°F. This process blasts away oxygen from the molten mixture and carbon does bond with metal.
• Silica and sulfur rise to the top of the molten mixture. The separation allows for pure molten iron/steel.
• Molten metal has about 4% carbon which makes it brittle, is then reduced to 2% carbon or less. Then the metal is poured into a mold and cooled.
• Depending on the use of the metal, more heating, cooling and shaping may be done.